What is Pembrolizumab?
Pembrolizumab, sold under the name Keytruda, is a monoclonal antibody used in cancer immunotherapy. This groundbreaking treatment is designed to enhance the body’s immune system, enabling it to fight cancer cells more effectively. Pembrolizumab works by targeting and inhibiting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) receptor on T cells, thus boosting the immune response against cancer cells.
Approved by the FDA, Pembrolizumab has become a vital treatment option for various types of cancer.
Pembrolizumab Uses
Pembrolizumab uses include the treatment of melanoma, a serious form of skin cancer, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which is a common type of lung cancer. Additionally, Pembrolizumab is used for treating head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, classical Hodgkin lymphoma, and urothelial carcinoma, among other cancer types.
Pembrolizumab is also employed in the treatment of certain types of stomach cancer, oesophagal cancer, and cervical cancer. Its versatility and effectiveness have made it a cornerstone in the field of oncology. Pembrolizumab uses extend to treating cancers that are microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) or mismatch repair deficient (dMMR), which are genetic markers indicating a high likelihood of responding to immunotherapy.
The introduction of Pembrolizumab has significantly improved outcomes for many cancer patients, offering new hope where traditional treatments may have failed. By understanding the broad range of Pembrolizumab uses, patients and healthcare providers can better appreciate its role in modern cancer therapy, making informed decisions to optimise treatment and improve patient quality of life.
Pembrolizumab Mechanism of Action – How does it work?
Pembrolizumab works by targeting and inhibiting the programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) receptor on T cells, which are an important component of the immune system. The Pembrolizumab mechanism of action involves blocking PD-1, a checkpoint protein on T cells that normally interacts with its ligands, PD-L1 and PD-L2, which are often overexpressed on cancer cells.
Under normal circumstances, the interaction between PD-1 and PD-L1/PD-L2 serves as a regulatory mechanism that keeps the immune response in check, preventing the immune system from attacking normal cells. However, many cancer cells exploit this pathway to avoid detection and obliteration by the immune system. By overexpressing PD-L1 and PD-L2, these cancer cells can effectively “hide” from the immune system, allowing them to grow and spread unchecked.
The Pembrolizumab mechanism of action disrupts this immune evasion strategy. By binding to the PD-1 receptor on T cells, Pembrolizumab prevents PD-L1 and PD-L2 on cancer cells from engaging with PD-1. This blockade lifts the “brakes” on the immune system, aiding the T cells to recognise and attack cancer cells more effectively. Essentially, Pembrolizumab reactivates the immune system’s ability to detect and destroy cancer cells, which can lead to significant tumour shrinkage and improved patient outcomes.
Pembrolizumab has shown effectiveness in treating various varieties of cancer, which include melanoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), head and neck cancer, and more. Its ability to improve the immune response makes it a powerful tool in the fight against cancer, offering hope to many patients who have not responded to traditional therapies.
Understanding the Pembrolizumab mechanism of action is vital for patients and healthcare providers can better appreciate how this immunotherapy works to combat cancer. Recent advancements in immunotherapy have emerged as powerful tools in the fight against cancer. These treatments offer significant promise for improving patient survival rates and quality of life.
How Do You Take Pembrolizumab?
Pembrolizumab is administered intravenously (IV) by a healthcare professional, ensuring the medication is delivered directly into the bloodstream for maximum efficacy. The Pembrolizumab injection is given as an infusion, which typically takes about 30 minutes per session. This method allows the medication to circulate through the body quickly and effectively, targeting cancer cells.
The specific Pembrolizumab dose and treatment schedule are tailored to each patient, depending on an array of factors, including the type of cancer being treated, the patient’s overall health, and how well the patient responds to the therapy. Commonly, patients receive a Pembrolizumab injection every three weeks. However, the healthcare provider may adjust the Pembrolizumab dose and frequency based on the patient’s unique clinical scenario and response to treatment.
During the infusion process, patients are monitored by healthcare professionals to manage any immediate side effects and ensure the treatment is proceeding safely. Regular follow-up appointments are crucial to understand the effectiveness of the therapy and make any necessary adjustments to the Pembrolizumab dose. Adhering to the prescribed schedule and maintaining consistent appointments are key to achieving the best possible outcomes with pembrolizumab. This disciplined approach helps manage the disease more effectively and maximises the benefits of the Pembrolizumab injection. Always check with your healthcare provider for personalised advice and support throughout your treatment journey.
How Often Do You Take Pembrolizumab?
The frequency of Pembrolizumab infusions can vary on the basis of specific cancers being treated and the individual patient’s condition. Commonly, patients receive the treatment every three weeks. This standard Pembrolizumab dose schedule ensures that the medication is administered at regular intervals to maintain its effectiveness and manage the disease progression.
However, depending on the clinical scenario, the Pembrolizumab dose schedule might be adjusted by the healthcare provider. Factors influencing adjustments include the patient’s response to the treatment, the presence of any side effects, and other underlying health conditions. It’s crucial for patients to adhere to the prescribed schedule and attend all appointments to ensure the best possible outcomes.
Pembrolizumab injection is administered intravenously, typically in a hospital or clinic setting. The infusion process usually takes about 30 minutes, during which the medication is delivered directly into the bloodstream. Throughout the course of treatment, regular check-ins and close monitoring are essential. These consultations allow healthcare providers to gauge how well the therapy is working and determine if any modifications to the Pembrolizumab dose are needed.
Following the healthcare provider’s recommendations and maintaining consistent appointments are key to achieving optimal results with Pembrolizumab injection. This disciplined approach helps manage the disease more effectively and improves the overall prognosis for the patient.
Special Precautions to Follow
Before starting treatment with pembrolizumab, it is crucial to let your healthcare provider know about any existing medical conditions to prevent complications from Pembrolizumab side effects.
Key precautions include:
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Autoimmune Diseases: In case you have been diagnosed with an autoimmune disease, Pembrolizumab can exacerbate your condition, as its mechanism of action stimulates the immune system. It’s essential to discuss your medical history thoroughly with your healthcare provider to examine the risks vs the benefits carefully.
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Lung or Breathing Problems: It’s crucial to closely monitor patients with pre-existing lung conditions, such as COPD or asthma when considering Pembrolizumab treatment. This is because the drug has been linked to pneumonitis, a potentially serious lung inflammation which may worsen pre-existing conditions.
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Liver or Kidney Issues: Pre-existing liver or kidney conditions require careful monitoring since Pembrolizumab can cause immune-mediated hepatitis and nephritis. Regular blood tests will help track organ function and detect any early signs of complications.
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Previous Organ Transplant: Pembrolizumab may increase the risk of rejection of transplant by activating the immune system. If you have had an organ transplant, it is vital to have a discussion about this with your healthcare provider to comprehend the potential risks and necessary precautions.
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Medications and Supplements: let your doctor know about all medications and supplements you are taking. Some medications might interact with Pembrolizumab, lowering its efficacy or heightening the likelihood of side effects.
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Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: Pembrolizumab can harm a developing fetus or newborn. Women who are pregnant or breastfeeding should avoid Pembrolizumab and discuss alternative treatments with their healthcare provider.
Constant monitoring through blood tests and physical examinations is necessary during Pembrolizumab treatment to manage any potential side effects and ensure the therapy’s safety and effectiveness.
Side Effects of Pembrolizumab
Like all medications, Pembrolizumab can cause side effects. Here is an expanded look at common and serious Pembrolizumab side effects:
Common Pembrolizumab Side Effects
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Fatigue: Patients may experience a persistent feeling of being tired or exhausted that does not improve with rest, impacting daily activities.
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Rash: A skin rash may develop, which can be different in severity from mild redness and irritation to more pronounced and widespread areas of inflammation.
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Itching: Pruritus, or itching, is a common reaction which can occur with or without the presence of a rash, leading to discomfort and the potential for skin damage from scratching.
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Diarrhoea: Frequent, loose, or watery stools can occur, which may give rise to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances if not managed properly.
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Nausea: A sensation of unease and discomfort in the stomach with an urge to vomit, which can affect appetite and nutritional intake.
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Cough: A persistent cough may develop, which can be dry or productive, potentially indicating an underlying respiratory issue.
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Decreased Appetite: Loss of appetite or anorexia can lead to unwanted weight loss and nutritional deficiencies, affecting overall health.
Serious Pembrolizumab Side Effects
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Pneumonitis (inflammation of the lungs): This immune-mediated condition leads to inflammation in the lung tissue, leading to effects such as shortness of breath, chest pain, and a dry cough. It requires immediate medical attention.
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Hepatitis (inflammation of the liver): Pembrolizumab can trigger an immune response against liver cells, causing inflammation that may present with symptoms like jaundice, dark urine, and elevated liver enzymes.
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Nephritis (inflammation of the kidneys): This side effect involves the immune system attacking the kidneys, potentially leading to decreased kidney function, which can be indicated by changes in urine output, swelling, and elevated creatinine levels.
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Endocrinopathies (hormonal gland issues): Pembrolizumab can cause the immune system to attack endocrine glands, such as the thyroid, adrenal glands, or pancreas. This can result in conditions like hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism, adrenal insufficiency, or diabetes, manifesting through symptoms like fatigue, weight changes, and abnormal blood sugar levels.
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Severe Infusion Reactions: During or shortly after the infusion of pembrolizumab, some patients may experience severe reactions such as fever, chills, difficulty breathing, dizziness, or rash. These reactions require immediate medical intervention to manage symptoms and prevent complications.
Patients experiencing severe side effects should get in touch with their healthcare provider immediately to receive appropriate care and adjustments to their treatment plan if necessary. Prompt management of these side effects is crucial to ensure the safety and effectiveness of Pembrolizumab therapy.
Pembrolizumab Cost
The cost of Pembrolizumab can vary significantly depending on the country, healthcare system, and specific treatment plan. In the United States, a single infusion of Pembrolizumab can range from approximately $9,000 to $13,000, leading to annual costs that can exceed $150,000 to $200,000 per year.
Pembrolizumab cost in India
The Pembrolizumab cost in India is generally lower than in the United States, making it a relatively more accessible option for cancer treatment in the region. A single dose of Pembrolizumab injection in India can cost between ₹1,50,000 to ₹3,00,000 (approximately $1,800 to $3,600 USD). However, the exact Pembrolizumab price in India can vary based on several factors. These factors include the specific healthcare provider, the location of the treatment facility, and the availability of patient assistance programs, which can help offset the cost.
Understanding the Pembrolizumab cost in India is crucial for patients and their families as they plan for treatment expenses. Different hospitals and clinics might offer varying prices, and some institutions may provide financial aid or accept insurance plans that can significantly reduce out-of-pocket expenses. In some cases, programs designed to ease the financial burden of medication costs might be available to qualified patients. These programs can originate from pharmaceutical companies or non-profit organisations, offering valuable support for individuals seeking treatment.
Despite the relatively lower Pembrolizumab cost in India, it is still a significant expense for many patients. Crowdfunding has emerged as a vital resource for many families, enabling them to raise the necessary funds to cover the high Pembrolizumab cost. This financial support can be pivotal in ensuring that patients receive timely and effective treatment, improving their chances of recovery.
While the Pembrolizumab price in India is more affordable compared to many other countries, it remains a considerable cost for patients. Thorough research and exploration of all available financial assistance options, including insurance and crowdfunding, can help manage these expenses and provide patients with the best possible access to life-saving treatments.
Conclusion
Pembrolizumab represents a significant advancement in cancer treatment, using the power of the immune system to combat cancer. Its ability to block the PD-1 receptor on T cells allows for a more effective immune response against cancer cells. Understanding the Pembrolizumab mechanism of action is crucial, as it highlights how the drug prevents cancer cells from evading the immune system.
Administered as an intravenous infusion, Pembrolizumab injection is typically given every three weeks, though the exact Pembrolizumab dose may vary based on individual patient needs. Like all medications, Pembrolizumab has potential side effects. Common Pembrolizumab side effects include fatigue, rash, itching, diarrhoea, nausea, cough, and decreased appetite. More serious immune-mediated side effects can affect organs such as the lungs, liver, kidneys, and endocrine glands. Patients should be vigilant and communicate with their healthcare provider to manage any adverse reactions effectively.
The Pembrolizumab cost can be substantial, especially in the United States, where a single infusion can range from $9,000 to $13,000, leading to annual expenses exceeding $150,000 to $200,000. However, the Pembrolizumab cost in India is relatively lower, with prices for a single dose ranging from ₹1,50,000 to ₹3,00,000 (approximately $1,800 to $3,600 USD). Despite these differences, the high cost of treatment underscores the financial burden cancer can impose on patients and their families.
Cancer as a disease is extremely unpredictable and expensive to treat, even with sound financial planning and good insurance coverage. Unexpected costs and the need for continuous, often long-term, treatments can overwhelm patients financially. In such cases, cancer crowdfunding can provide crucial support, helping bridge the financial gap and aid people in their precarious journey toward recovery. Crowdfunding platforms like Ketto can help patients access necessary treatments and improve their chances of successful outcomes.
By understanding the complexities of Pembrolizumab, including its uses, administration, cost, and potential side effects, patients and their families can make informed decisions. Always consult with healthcare professionals for personalised advice and support throughout the treatment process.
